Design

Visual abstract for the design chapter.

• Design makes complexity comprehensible. Norman (2016)
• like the Helsinki chapel. there’s either or a priest or a social worker present. it’s the perfect public service. Limit the barrier of entry for people to discover. Elegant.

Eco-Design: Design as Political Action at Scale

Politics matters in sustainability. In Brazil, deforestation fell 60% in 1 year, based on remote satellite reconnaissance, after the election of a more pro-environment leadership (Watts, 2023).

We have an opportunity to re-imagine how every product can be an eco-product and how they circulate in our circular economy.

The monumental task of removing several gigatons of CO_2e from the atmosphere requires massive policy shifts and collaboration across countries and industries (Mackler et al., 2021).

Designing the right legislative measures can be hugely impactful. In the context of the European Union, eco-design has gained political support from European Commission as part of the EU’s “Green Deal” legislative strategy, aiming to transform European economies into sustainability leaders (Commission et al., 2014). Consumer products’ overall life-cycle environmental impact is defined in the design process by the materials and energy resources needed and the post-consumer potential for reuse or recycling. The Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) entered into force in July 2024 (European Commission, 2024) following the (European Parliament, 2022) proposal whereby the European Commission established a general framework for eco-design: “requirements for sustainable products, repealing rules [referring to the previous Eco-Design Directive (2009/125/EC)] currently in force which concentrate on energy-related products only,” setting up a level playing-field for the organizations operating on the EU single market. Virginijus Sinkevičius, the EU Commissioner for the Environment, Oceans and Fisheries, is quoted as describing eco-design as design that “respects the boundaries of our planet” (European Commission, 2022c).

Europe has been of a path of transformation from 2023 to 2030.

EU Policy Context Timeline'.

The EU Commission has been releasing strategic foresight reports since 2020 (European Commission, 2023).

Timeline of the Policy Context:

• In 2019 by the von der Leyen commission adopted the European Union (EU) Green Deal strategy.

• In 2021 the Commision proposed a goal of reducing CO2e emissions by 55% by 2030 under the Fit for 55 policy package consisting of a wide range of economic measures.

• In November 2022, the proposal was adopted by the EU Council and EU Parliament with an updated goal of 57% of CO2e reductions compared to 1990. This proposal is set to become a binding law for all EU member countries (European Commission (2019b); European Commission (2019a); EU Reaches Agreement on National Emission Reductions (2022); European Council (2022)).

• In March 2022, the EU Circular Economy Action Plan was adopted, looking to make sustainable products the norm in EU and empowering consumers as described in European Commission (2022a). Each product covered by the policy is required to have a Digital Product Passport which enables improved processing within the supply chain and includes detailed information to empower consumers to understand the environmental footprint of their purchases. It’s safe to say the large majority of products available today do not meet these criteria.

• European Commission (2022b) Ecodesign for sustainable products. The EU “Green Deal” legislative strategy is comprehensive. Eco-Design is a Key EU Sustainable Policy Design Tool.

In the European Union (EU), a wide range of legislative proposals, targets, organizations, and goals have exists across diverse countries. It’s not that the EU didn’t have an overarching environmental policy before; rather it was more vague and filled with loop-holes. Upcoming laws aim to harmonize approaches to sustainability and raise standards for all members states, in turn influencing producers who wish to sell in the EU common market. National governments need to adapt EU legislation to local contexts. For example Estonian government adopted the Estonian Green Deal Action Plan (Eesti Rohepöörde Tegevusplaan) (Eesti Vabariigi Valitsus, 2022). From the legislative perspective, NFRD (Non-Financial Reporting Directive) is replaced by CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) and ESRS reporting is the standard to meet CSRD requirements.

Director of the French environmental NGO Pôle Eco-conception, eco-design is “[l]ocated at the interface between consumption and production patterns, eco-design helps to structure the market for products and services using a life cycle approach and tangible criteria” (Chouai & Mayer, 2024).

“In the context of the EU Plastics Strategy, the European Commission has launched a pledge to increase the use of recycled content to 10 million tons by 2025. To address this, Circularise Plastics Group launched an “Open Standard for Sustainability and Transparency” based on blockchain technology & Zero-knowledge Proofs” Circularise (2020b)

The EU is also concerned with supply-chain deforestation. Sustainable Products and EUDR (European Union Deforestation Regulation) work hand-in-hand as part of EU’s legislative efforts to promote sustainability. EUDR applies to all products placed on the market from December 2024 and June 2025 for small businesses.

The proposal for a Nature Restoration Law by the European Commission requiring member countries to restore 20% of EU’s degraded ecosystems by 2030 and full restoration by 2050 has not yet passed (as of writing) (Scientists Urge European Parliament to Vote for Nature Restoration Law, 2023) and is facing a backlash (David Pinto, 2023).

The EU has a taxonomy of environmentally sustainable economic activities published by the Technical Expert Group (TEG) on sustainable finance, as detailed in the report by (EU Taxonomy for Sustainable Activities, n.d.).

Europe is transforming into a hotbed of sustainability. One of the EU goals is reducing careless consumption. Tacking our consumption habits can help support eco-designed products. It’s up to legislators to provide sustainable products on our marketplace… but until this happens, we can use the green filter.

Beyond Return, Repair, Reuse

• There’s a growing number of companies providing re-use of existing items.
• SmartSwap (n.d.) For example, Swap furniture in Estonia

The 9 qualities of eco-designed products based on the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) enacted as law in the EU as of July 2024 [@luttinFullOverviewEU2025; @europeanparliamentEcodesignSustainableProducts2022].

Feature	Benefit
Durable	Reduces the need to frequently replace the product
Reusable	Extends the product’s life-cycle; sell or share to the next user
Reparable	Extends the product’s life-cycle; fix instead of discarding
Upgradable	Extends the product’s life-cycle; improve performance without complete replacement.
Easy to Maintain	Reduce resources needed to keep the product functional
Easy to Refurbish	Support second-hand use and circular economy
Easy to Recycle	Support material recovery at end of the product’s life to reduce new resource extraction and pollution
Energy Efficient	Reduce product’s CO2 footprint and operating costs
Resource Efficient	Reduce product’s use of raw materials and energy during production and life-cycle

Legislative Efforts Around the World

Europe is not the only region undertaking legislative efforts to promote sustainability. In the US, the Inflation Reduction Act provided funding to development of de-carbonizing technologies and includes plans to combat air pollution, reduce green house gases and address environmental injustices (Rajagopalan & Landrigan, 2023).

Many other jurisdictions also have laws that aim to reduce the environmental impact of products throughout their life cycles.

For instance Australia has a Product Stewardship (PS) scheme, which also includes an investment fund targeted at increasing the recycling rates of specific products (Australian Government, 2024). Australia, Japan, and Taiwan all have Sustainable Procurement schemes prioritizing greener products in public purchases [ADD CITATION].

Eco-Modulation: Incentive Design for Extended Producer Responsibility and Product Stewardship

Eco-modulation means harder to recycle items are more expensive for the producer. Recycling fees take into account eco-design: an item from a single material is easier (cheaper) to recycle than product from composite materials.

Eco-modulation makes the hidden cost of hard-to-recycle formats directly visible on the invoice.

While Taiwan doesn’t yet have a specific eco-design law, there are various pieces of legislation promoting circular economy [ADD CITATION]. Already in 1988 Taiwan implemented an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme, followed by a recycling system (initially focused on electronic items) in 1998 (Chong et al., 2009). Eco-design initiatives in Taiwan started at least as early as 1994, when Taiwanese companies and universities noticed international sustainability trends and began to implement their own sustainable design initiatives (Jahau Lewis Chen et al., 2005).

Deposit Return Schemes (DRS)

In California, part of the EPR regulation is a large pool of funding for cleaning up historic pollution resulting from (Moolman, 2024; packagingheffernanPlasticRecyclingPodcast2024?)

The key to comparing Product Stewardship, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and Eco-Design is the scope, as illustrated in the chart below. While Product Stewardship (PS) and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) deal mostly with the end of the product life-cycle (they are reactive), including their disposal and recycling (EPR going a step further than PS by shifting the responsibility to the producer), eco-design moves sustainability up the design chain (lbeing pro-active), setting standards for making better products - in essence, attempting to design-out the waste.

Extended Producer Responsibility Enables Companies to be Resposible.

Popular blogs such as (Kohli, 2019) and (Lose, 2023) offer many suggestions how designers can help people become more sustainable in their daily lives yet focusing on the end-user neglects the producers’ responsibility (termed as Extended Producer Responsibility or ERP) in waste management studies.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy tool first proposed by Thomas Lindhqvist in Sweden in 1990 [ADD CITATION], aimed to encourage producers take responsibility for the entire life-cycle of their products, thus leading to more eco-friendly products. Nonetheless, EPR schemes do not guarantee circularity and may instead be designed around fees to finance waste management in linear economy models (Christiansen et al., 2021). The French EPR scheme was upgraded in 2020 to become more circular (Jacques Vernier, 2021). In July 2024, Latvia was the 4th EU country to join an textile-EPR scheme (“New EPR Requirements for Textiles in Latvia from July 2024 On,” 2024).

In any case, strong consumer legislation (such as EPR) has a direct influence on producers’ actions. For example, in HKTDC Research (2022), the Hong Kong Trade Development Council notified textile producers in July 2022 reminding factories to produce to French standards in order to be able enter the EU market. Peng et al. (2023) finds that the Carbon Disclosure Project has been a crucial tool to empower ERP in Chinese auto-producers.

• The success of EPR can vary per type of product. For car tires, the EPR scheme in the Netherlands claims a 100% recovery rate Campbell-Johnston et al. (2020).

One type of legislation that works?

• (Steenmans & Ulfbeck, 2023) Argues for the need to engage companies through legislation and shift from waste-centered laws to product design regulations.

• In Europe, there’s large variance between member states when in comes to textile recycling: while Estonia and France are the only EU countries where separate collection of textiles is required by law, in Estonia 100% of the textiles were burned in an incinerator in 2018 while in France textiles are covered by an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme leading to higher recovery rates (Ibid).

• Greyparrot AI to increase recycling rates (Natasha Lomas, 2024).

Bring back your bottle and cup after use.

• Ruiz-Pastor & Mesa (2023) proposes a product repairability index (PRI)
• Formentini & Ramanujan (2023)
• Recycling (Lenovo, 08-29-22) “rethinking product design and inspiring consumers to expect more from their devices”
• Zeynep Falay von Flittner (n.d.)

Packaging is a rapidly growing industry which generates large amounts of waste Ada et al. (2023). Bradley & Corsini (2023): “Over 161 million tonnes of plastic packaging is produced annually.”

• “Challenges and Opportunities in Sustainable Packaging Today” (2022)
• “Protein Brands and Consumers Alike Focus on Sustainability” (2022)
• “Detail-Rich Sustainable Packaging Product Database Is an Industry First” (2010)
• (Lerner, 2019) Coca Cola plastic pollution. ESG ratings have faced criticism for lack of standards and failing to account for the comprehensive impact a company is having. (Foley et al., 2024) notes how Coca Cola fails to account the supply chain water usage when reporting becoming “water neutral” and calls on companies to release more detailed information.
• “Sulapac – Replacing Plastic” (n.d.)

Scenario-Building: Avoiding the Worst Future

Scenario-building is a key tool for sustainability. Because sustainability is so complex, sustainable design makes use of scenarios.

In sustainability there are rarely good choices. Rather it’s a question of avoiding the worst choices.

Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact Analysis are needed to provide eco-design scenarios (de Otazu et al., 2022).

user experience, iteration (Google Design, 2019)

Quality of Life

Wellbeing Economy Governments is an Example of Country-level Collaboration

• Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Scotland, Wales, Canada (Fioramonti et al., 2022).
• Kaklauskas et al. (2023)
• Rieger et al. (2023) Integrated science of wellbeing
• Fabris & Luburić (2022)

I was torn whether to place politics under sustainability or design, and decided for the latter - as sustainability is mostly descriptive, using science to measure and present the real situation, while design is prescriptive: codifying decisions about how do we live - in products and services.

Design is political.

• Pater (2021)
• 10 countries use almost 100% renewable energy

There’s ample evidence from several countries suggesting moving to renewal energy brings environmental benefits.

• In Bangladesh, Amin et al. (2022) suggests “removing fossil fuel subsidies and intra-sectoral electricity price distortions coupled with carbon taxes provides the highest benefits” for both the economy and the environment.

• Luo et al. (2022) suggests using reinforcement learning to reduce energy use in cooling systems.

• Montreal protocol near-eradication of chlorofluorocarbons (CfCs) and the ozone holes became whole again.

Mitigating and Adapting to Climate Change

Adapting to Climate Change

Many companies are developing technologies for mitigation.

Taxes

• There have been proposal of a “meat tax”.

SDGs

• SDGs need to discussed in their totality Popkova et al. (2022).

• German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) connects SDGs to NDCs. Dzebo et al. (2023)

• International Energy Agency (IEAs), Decarbonisation Enablers IEA (2023)

Sustainbility Policy context is Shifting Around the World

• “data-exchange protocol with privacy at its heart” Circularise (2020a)

• EU AI Law Lomas (2024)

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

• Manzardo et al. (2021) (need access!)

• Iñarra et al. (2022) (need access!)

• Munaro et al. (2022) (need access!)

• Bassani et al. (2022) (need access!)

• Van Doorsselaer (2022) (need access!)

• Arranz et al. (2022) developing circular economy is really complex

• Cheba et al. (2022)

• Ruiz-Pastor et al. (2022)

• Miyoshi et al. (2022) takes the example of ink toner bottles and shows in a case study how standardized compatibility between older and newer systems can save resources and results in sustainability savings.

• Nastaraan Vadoodi (2022)

Thinking in Systems to Re-Design Industries

Eco-Design, Circular Design, Design for Circularity, Cradle-to-Cradle Design, Green Design, Regenerative Design, Climate-Responsive Design, Life-Centered Design, Multispecies Design - designing for sustainability has been called with many names in diverse contexts of use, using a diversity of approaches, with subtle differences of emphasis and nuance, with same general goal of being more sustainable. While the European ESPR legislation chose Eco-Design as the overarching title, researchers and practitioners discuss all of the above on a frequent basis. (Ceschin & Gaziulusoy, 2016) gives a comprehensive overview of the main themes of sustainable design and the main contributions and limitations in the well–researched “Evolution of design for sustainability: From product design to design for system innovations and transitions”.

In most cases, designing for sustainability makes use of systems thinking, underlining the importance of looking at the entire life-cycle of a product or service.

Calculating what’s sustainable is hugely complex because decisions may have unforeseen ramifications. To take a single example (Nuez et al., 2022) shows how electric vehicles may increase CO₂ emissions in some areas, such as Canary Islands, where electricity production is polluting.

Sustainable design encompasses all human activities, making this pursuit an over-arching challenge across all industries and all human activities with the complex interdependence contained within these interactions.

Rossi et al. (2022) shows how introducing sustainability early in the design process and providing scenarios where sustainability is a metric, it’s possible to achieve more eco-friendly designs.

R. Buckminster Fuller “Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth”, Victor Papanek “Design for the Real World”, Jonathan Chapman “Emotionally Durable Design”, Carlo Vezzoli “Product-Service System Design for Sustainability”, Ezio Manzini “Design, When Everybody Designs”.

(Engkvist, 2024) calls for Design Sociology, design should take account the product’s effect on society, giving the example of highly individualized understanding of individualized psychology and dopamine cycles for creating social media, while disregarding the societal effects, such as spread of misinformation. Lack of sustainability in the design process is a bug in the design approach.

Service Design, Ceschin & Gaziulusoy (2016) shows how design for sustainability has expanded from a product focus to systems-thinking focus placing the product inside a societal context of use. For example Cargo Bike FREITAG (n.d.), recycled clothing maker FREITAG offers sustainability-focused services such as cargo bikes so you can transport your purchases and a network for shopping without payment = swapping your items with other members, as well as repairs of their products. Loaning terminology from service design, the user journey within an app needs to consider each touchpoint on the way to a state of success.

As this research is practice-oriented (i.e., my goal here is to find design approaches that could influence my prototype), I will focus on some fields of design which I hope relevant, fruitful, or contextual to my project.

I will start with Human-Centered Design, the grandfather of design with attitude. There’s even an ISO standard for human-centered design, with the designated code ISO9241-210, revised as ISO 9241-210:2019 titled “Ergonomics of human-system interaction” and up for revision soon (ISO standards are reviewed every 5 years). Some of the key takeaways include “Understanding and specifying the context of use”, “Involving users throughout design and development”, “Specifying user requirements”, “Evaluating designs”, “Multi-disciplinary Collaboration”, “Iterative process” and “Continual Improvement”, and finally - usability is not enough, the design should provide a user experience (UX) for human “emotional responses and satisfaction” (ISO, 2019).

While Human-Centered Design focuses exactly on what it says - humans - Life-Centered Design recognizes human impact on our surrounding environment as well - making sure we include non-human animals among our stakeholders. This is where we are getting on the territory of sustainability. While Human-Centered Design is ever popular, the effect humans are having on biodiversity is rarely considered when designing. “[T]he design phase of a physical product accounts for 80% of its environmental impact” notes(Borthwick et al., 2022) in their framework for life-centered design.

If we’re including other lifeforms among our stakeholders, what can we learn from them? Biomimicry is about being inspired by nature while Biodesign focuses on design involving biology in the design itself. Janine Benyus, who coined the word Biomimicry (Benyus, 2009) looks at very practical cases of innovation where engineers and biologist meet and (Dicks, 2023) provides a much more philosophical account of following the example of nature. Focusing on the financial sector, (Thomas & Mantri, 2022)’s philosophical account advocates for an “inside-out” design pattern, much like natural systems, starting from the smallest structures to guarantee resilience and survival, instead of trying to control their external environment.

In a similar vein, Material Ecology is the wording preferred by the architect Neri Oxman based at the MIT Media Lab working with biomaterials as a proponent of Nature-Centric Design that adheres to the principles of ecological sustainability with both an ecologically conscious mindset and practical toolset (Hencz, 2022). Language and our mental concepts shape our reality, which makes language-creation an important tool for sustainability. Neri Oxman’s expressions in her (World Economic Forum, 2016) interview introduce some new vocabulary: “ecology-indifferent”, “naturing”, “mother naturing”, “design is a practice of letting go of all that is unnecessary”, “nature should be our single client”, which reminds me how self-invented language gives un child-like freedom to imagine new worlds.

Speculative Design can help us imagine non-anthropocentric (Edwards & Pettersen, 2023; Hupkes & Hedman, 2022)as well as dystopian futures (Pinto et al., 2021). First introduced by (Dunne & Raby, 2013) in their seminal book, the field aims to question the intersection of user experience design and speculative fiction. (Barendregt & Vaage, 2021) explores the potential of speculative design to stimulate public engagement; thought experiments can spur public debate on an issue chosen by the designer. Phil Balagtas, founder of The Design Futures Initiative at McKinsey, discusses the value of building future scenarios at his talk at Google. His favorite example, the Apple Knowledge Navigator, first appeared in an Apple vision video in 1987 and took two decades to materialize in the real world. It was inspired by a similar device first shown in a 1970s episode of Star Trek as a magic device (a term from participatory design), which then inspired subsequent consumer product development. It took another two decades, until the launch of the iPhone in 2007 - a total of 40 years.

Participatory Design and Speculative Design can be complementary as in the work of (Neuhoff et al., 2023), used together to focus on engaging users deep in the design process to truly understand their needs, contexts and interactions on a non-superficial level. For both speculative and participatory design, the cost and makes it into a niche activity. Generative AI holds the promise to allow designers to dream up and prototype quicker. In order to build a future, it’s relevant to imagine and critique a future. By being quickly generate prototypes, once can test out ideas with the future users involving more of the community and stakeholders. To be able to build something, one first needs to imagine it; imagination is crucial for change.

Speculative Design helps us envision future scenarios

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a source of many fantastic innovations, and another.

Regenerative Design suggests dematerializing (digitizing) economies is not enough to be sustainable (by reduction of physical impact). Design should look beyond reducing harm and find avenues to regenerate damaged or even completely destroyed natural systems – ecosystems, biodiversity, land, forests, lakes, rivers - natural habitats.

Sufficiency

Moving from products and (digital) experiences towards the built environment and architecture, Climate-Responsive Design embeds a building within the environmental constraints of a place and looks for opportunities use the land, wind, sun, local materials, and local vernacular history and culture when considering a design. Architect Susanne Brorson suggests sustainability should be considered in the earlier phases of design instead of trying to fix problems later discussing climate-responsive design principles (EVM maaarhitektuuri keskus, 2019). The sentiment is echoed by (S. Lee & Doevendans, 2011) who edited a volume on sustainable approaches of world-renowned architects: “The principles of sustainable design are rooted in the building’s relationship to the site and its environmental conditions such as topography, vegetation, and climate.”

Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment (Banham, 1999)

Designing for Trust, Weinschenk (2011) says “People expect most online interactions to follow the same social rules as person-to-person interactions. It’s a shortcut that your brain uses to quickly evaluate trustworthiness.”

Cradle-to-Cradle Design, focusing on recyclability of products. “台灣設計研究院（TDRI ） on Instagram” (2021) and 活動通 (n.d.) Cradle to Cradle Nordic circular design in Taiwan

Durability is an important dimension for sustainability. High quality durable products are more sustainable as they last longer and less likely to be thrown away. Forming an emotional bond with the product makes it feel more valuable (Zonneveld & Biggemann, 2014). (Chapman, 2009) argues in his seminal paper (and later in his book) for “Emotionally Durable Design”, the simple idea that we hold to things we value and thus they are sustainable. We don’t throw away a necklace gifted to us by mom, indeed this object might be passed down for centuries. (Rose, 2015) has a similar idea, where “Enchanted Objects” become so interlinked with us, we’re unlikely to throw them away. This has implications for sustainability as the object is less likely to be thrown away.

As the above shows, there are many partially overlapping design words created by different people for diverse purposes. Design vocabulary may be created for distinguishing a particular type of design from another - or to market oneself as the creator of the word. There are designers who define / brand themselves by their design method. Design Studies, a field that studies design as a subject.

Here I will use the lens of sustainability - another complex term - to look at how design can contribute to eco-friendly products. I advocate looking at design methods as a toolbox, where I can pick the tool suitable for the problem set in front of me. Here I look at a small number of design practices I find relevant to designing a sustainability app for college students.

than traditional design methods. While AI allows us to look at a larger number of design scenarios thank previously feasible, there are many approaches looking for ways to design for sustainability. Designing for Sustainability is fundamentally a hopeful act imbibed with the dream a healthier world is possible.

Multispecies Design refers to the idea of considering non-human life-forms as stakeholders of our design. (Metcalfe, 2015)’s PhD Disseration titled “The devastating effects that unsustainable design practices have on the natural world and other species with whom we share this planet” gives a good overview of the work done is this branch of design.

• Kosová et al. (2023); Selvan et al. (2023); Hernandez-Santin et al. (2023)
• gallery Marcus (06-11-23)
• Participatory design and multi-species design Haldrup et al. (2022)
• The University of Melbourne, Australia & Roudavski (2020)

Student Essentials: Fast-Moving Consumer Goods, Clothes, and Food

Student Essentials: Clothes, Food, Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)

As of 2025, circular economy is a tiny part of the world economy. (Circle Economy, 2022) reported in 2022 only 8.6% of world economy was circular and 100B tonnes of virgin materials was sourced every year.

We’re in an industrial revolution. Many companies are investing into transforming their processes. “[T]ransition to a low carbon economy presents challenges and potential economic benefits that are comparable to those of previous industrial revolutions” (Pearson & Foxon, 2012). It’s possible to re-design entire industries and that is exactly the expectation sustainability sets on businesses. Across all industries, there’s a call for more transparency. Conversations about sustainability are too general and one needs to look at the specific sustainability metrics at specific industries to be able to design for meaningful interaction. There’s plentiful domain-specific research showing how varied industries can develop eco-designed products. I will here focus on 3 industries that are relevant for college students.

Food and clothes (I’m omitting housing and transport here) are part of the immediate environmental impact of college students.

• 5th industrial revolution, advanced robotics
• 6th industrial revolution, quantum computing, nanotechnology Chourasia et al. (2022)
• 7th industrial revolution futurists are looking at current trends and building scenarios for 2050 envisioning a world where the convergence of bio-based and mineral-based technologies, widespread sustainability and energy-abundance (Ruiz Estrada, 2024).

…for Provenance and Traceability

Companies like Qima provide inspection and certification services QIMA (2024)

Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) also known as Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) are large global congloremates operating with low margins and high volumes (Toh, 2024). The largest of them have several billions in revenue (Kenton, 2024).

Rise of e-commerce has pushed logistics companies to increase delivery efficiency to keep up with FMCG sales (Deliverect, 2024).

Just like Fast-Moving Consumer Goods, fast fashion operates with low margins and follows consumer trends. Young people are the largest consumers of fast fashion (“Young Consumers’ (Complicated) Love For Fast Fashion In 3 Stats,” n.d.). (In European Environment Agency, 2022 European Environment Agency (EEA)) estimates based on trade and production data that EU27 citizens consumed an average 15kg of textile products per person per year. The European Commission wants to reduce the impact of fast fashion on EU market (ERR, 2022). (Millward-Hopkins et al., 2023) shows how 50% of the textile waste in the UK is exported to other countries.

“26 million tons of clothing end up in China’s landfills each year, propelled by fast fashion” (Tian Macleod Ji, 2024).

Greenwashing is prevalent in the fashion industry. Problem: Emily Chan (2022a) report says there’s not enough transparency in fashion. Fashion Revolution Foundation (2022) Fashion transparency index. (Wikirate, 2022): “Among the Index’s main goals are to help different stakeholders to better understand what data and information is being disclosed by the world’s largest fashion brands and retailers, raise public awareness, educate citizens about the social and environmental challenges facing the global fashion industry and support people’s activism”. Consumer understanding of sustainability is limited. Mabuza et al. (2023) shows consumer knowledge of apparel coloration is very limited.

2.4 Trillion USD fashion industry contributing 2%-8% of total global GHG emissions, 100B USD lost to lack of recycling, contributes 9% of microplastics (Adamkiewicz et al., 2022). (Centobelli et al., 2022) Fashion industry year uses 9B cubic meters of water, 1.7B tonnes of CO₂, 92 million tonnes of textile waste. Köhler et al. (2021) Globally 87% of textile products are burned or landfilled after 1st consumer use.

Towards Sustainable Clothes

• There are local policy initiatives aiming to tackle the waste problem. For example the New Standard Institute’s proposed “Fashion Act” to require brands doing business in New York City to disclose sustainability data and set waste reduction targets (Emily Chan, 2022b) .

• (Leung & Luximon, 2021) There’s a growing know-how on how to produce sustainably and which materials to use. “Handbook of Footwear Design and Manufacture” Chapter 18 - Green design. Industry collaboration can raise the bar for everyone, such as the Better Cotton Initiative (Better Cotton, 2023).

• Story of Patagonia (Chouinard, 2005).

Sustainable Fashion, Textile Design

• There are signs of young Chinese consumers valuing experiences over possessions (Jiang, 2023).

• Luxury - Conversely, Taiwan is a growing market for luxury brands (Karatzas et al., 2019).

Across industries, reports are saying there isn’t enough transparency.

• (Hannah Ritchie, 2020; US EPA, 2016) GHG emission inventory by sector

• Marrucci et al. (2020) Italian retail supermarkets carbon footprint?

• Gyabaah et al. (2023) research across several dumpsites across Ghana revealed up to 12% of the landfill consisted of textile waste.

• imperfectidealist (2020) Fashion sustainability vs greenwashing

• “Transparency and Sustainability Platform - Renoon” (2023) Ethical Shopping

• “Sheep Inc. - Softcore Radicals” (2023) Ethical brand?

• Good On You (2023) Sustainable fashion company evaluations

• Lily Mindful + Active Living on Instagram (n.d.) Garment Worker’s rights

• Emily Chan (2022c): fashion companies can’t be held accountable for their actions (or indeed, their lack of action).

• Instant Gratification for Collective Awareness and Sustainable Consumerism (2022): “Political consumerism”, “Instant Gratification for Collective Awareness and Sustainable Consumerism”

• FashionChecker (2023)

• Eesti Disainikeskus I Estonian Design Centre (2021) Circular textiles

• Eesti Kunstiakadeemia (2022) Sustainable Fashion education

• “Clean Clothes Campaign” (n.d.)

• “The mainstream fashion industry is built upon the exploitation of labor, natural resources and the knowledge of historically marginalized peoples.”

• Textile Genesis (n.d.)

• “Secrecy is the linchpin of abuse of power…its enabling force. Transparency is the only real antidote.” Glen Greenwald, Attorney and journalist.

• Stand.earth (2023)

• “New Standard Institute” (n.d.)

• BGMEA Home (n.d.) Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association

• Minimize shopping, buy quality, save CO₂, invest.

• Textile Exchange (2023) Ethical fashion materials matter

• Textile Exchange (2021): Policy request

• Free clothes

• Vanish UK (2021) “Generation rewear” documentary, sustainable fashion brands

• Storbeck (2021) and Remington (2020): Zalando says Fast fashion must disappear

• Infinited Fiber (2023)

• Cleantech Group (2023) Global cleantech 100

• SOJO - Door-to-Door Clothing Alterations and Repairs (2023) Alterations and repairs made easy

• “Good On You - Sustainable and Ethical Fashion Brand Ratings” (2023) Ethical brand ratings

Re-designing industrial food systems for an increasing global population is a challenge. Supply chain innovation in food industries may enable more transparency. provenance and traceability of food has implications for sustainability and health.

Global warming leading to droughts and extreme weather, wars and conflicts increased volatility in food prices (Eshe Nelson et al., 2023).

“The agricultural sector contributes to approximately 13.5% of the total global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and accounts for 25% of the total CO₂ emission” (Nabipour Afrouzi et al., 2023). Poore & Nemecek (2018) suggests 26% of carbon emissions come from food production. Saner et al. (2015) reports dairy (46%) and meat and fish (29%) products making up the largest GHG emission potential. Springmann et al. (2021) proposes veganism is the most effective decision to reduce personal CO₂ emissions.

Farm to Fork is a European Union policy to shorten the supply chain from the producer to the consumer and add transparency to the system. Patel et al. (2023) livestock products (meat) are 15% of agricultural foods valued at €152 billion in 2018 globally.

• Farm to Fork Financial Times (2022)

• Fake honey, DNA-analysis to find real honey, synthetic honey can pass laboratorty tests (ERR, 2023)

• China is the largest honey producer.

• Food fraud

“Sustainability Intelligence for Food Companies” (n.d.)

Open Food Facts - World (n.d.) app for nutrition and sustainability data

Fishing

• 75% of fishing is done using industrial Trawling, which has environmental impact

• Bailey & Eggereide (2020) shows how the Norwegian government plans to increase salmon production 5x by 2050. How can this be sustainable? Mostly this means fish-farming

• Complex supply chains make seafood (marine Bivalvia, mollusks) logistics prone to fraud, leading to financial losses and threats to consumer health (Santos et al., 2023). (Chang et al., 2021) fish fraud is a large global problem but it’s possible to use DNA-tracking to prove where the fish came from. In “2019, the 27 KURA SUSHI branches in Taiwan sold more than 46 million plates of sushi. in Taiwan”. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IIU) fishing is widespread; the EU is adopting countermeasures (D. E. Kim & Lim, 2024). Muñoz et al. (2023) Is there such a thing as sustainable fishing? Bottom trawling is the worst and should be banned. Katie Gustafson (2022) proposes a “Uniform traceability system for the entire supply chain” for seafood. Mamede et al. (2022) proposes Seafood tracing: Fingerprinting of Sea Urchin.

• The same is true for cocoa beans, which are at risk from food fraud (Fanning et al., 2023).

• Perennial Crops, Multi-year crops reduce inputs of gasoline, labor, etc. (Aubrey Streit Krug & Yin Lu, 2023). Large agritech companies like Monsanto rely on selling seeds annually for profits putting them at odds with Perennial crops. Single-year seeds have led to farmer suicides when crops fail in poor communities.

• Sustainability Accounting Standards Board, part of the International Financial Reporting Standards Foundation

• Global Reporting Iniative

• “Reality Labs Research at Meta Connect 2022” (2022)

• Real Time ESG Tracking From StockSnips (2021) “Real Time ESG Tracking From StockSnips”

• Waters (2015) (Need access!)

• Cawthorn & Hoffman (2016) (Need access! ncku doesn’t subsribe)

• Gamborg & Jensen (2017) (Need access!)

• Neethirajan & Kemp (2021) using biometric sensors to track livestock sustainability.

• Inc (n.d.)

• Tim Nicolle (2017)

• EAT-Lancet diet

Culture, Community, Cuisine, Storytelling

Culture can be a proponent of sustainability. Food is about enticing human imagination and taste buds. Potato used to be a newcomer and innovative crop in Europe, and now it’s so common, Europeans forget it’s no originally from Europe. Food is also about cuisine and culture; foods become popular if we hear stories and see cuisine around a particular crop (Aubrey Streit Krug & Yin Lu, 2023).

• Tsing (2015) mushrooms
• IARC warns aspartame (artificial sweetener found in many soft drinks) could cause cancer [ADD CITATION].
• Yap et al. (2023) Singapore disposes of 900,000 tonnes of plastic waste out of which only 4% is recycled.
• Kiessling et al. (2023) Single-use plastics make up 44-68% of all waste mapped by citizen scientists.

Food Waste

There are several initiatives to reduce food waste by helping people consume food that would otherwise be throw away.

Olio, Too Good To Go

ResQ Club saves food waste by selling left-over foods cheaply.

Food saving apps

Name
Karma
ResQ Club	[@kristinakostapLEVITASONAUus2022] ResQ Club in Finland and Estonia for reducing food waste by offering a 50% discount on left-over restaurant meals before they are thrown away.
Kuri	@hajejankampsKuriAppThat2022 Less impact of food
Social media groups (no app)

• Röös et al. (2023) identified 5 perspectives in a small study (n=106) of views on the Swedish food system:

Perspective on food systems in Sweden.

Perspective	Content
“The diagnostic perspective”	“All hands on deck to fix the climate”
“The regenerative perspective”	“Diversity, soil health and organic agriculture to the rescue”
“The fossil-free perspective”	“Profitable Swedish companies to rid agriculture and the food chain of fossil fuel”
“The consumer-driven perspective”	“A wish-list of healthy, high-quality and climate-friendly foods”
“The hands-on perspective”	“Tangible solutions within the reach of consumers and the food industry”

• “regenag”, Václav Kurel, we need help consumers demand regenerative agriculture Baltic Sea Action Group (2023)

• Kommenda et al. (2022) Carbon Food Labels

• Food Sovereignty: “The global food sovereignty movement, which had been building momentum since its grassroots conception in the late ’90s, quickly gained traction with its focus on the rights of people everywhere to access healthy and sustainable food. One of the pillars of the movement lies in using local food systems to reduce the distance between producers and consumers.”

• CAITLIN STALL-PAQUET (2021): “We can grow foods just as well in the inner city as we can out in the country because we’re agnostic to arable land,” says Woods. “Because we grow indoors and create our own weather, [climate change] doesn’t affect our produce.”

• Renée Salmonsen (2018): Vertical farm in Taoyuan

• Catherine Shu (2023): Intensive Farming Practices vs Farm to table

• Akshat Rathi (2021) and Lowercarbon Capital (2023) climate startup funding.

• Only make what is ordered.

In Practice Sustainability Begins in Software

Design encompasses most everything in our daily lives. Humans live in artificial environments where most things are designed by humans. The experiences we take part in are increasingly created based on some type of data.

Designing user interfaces for sustainable interactions means incorporating data and tools to enable designers to make decisions which reduce the emissions of their designs. Companies like AutoDesk have introduced CO_2e calculations inside their design software, helping designers reduce material usage, energy consumption, CO_2e emissions, while increasing potential for reuse and recyclability(Mike Haley, 2022). Software is key to building more sustainable products, already for decades (Gupta et al., 2023). AI-assisted design enables design for sustainability because the design process is where sustainability begins. AI has the potential to provide the parameters for sustainability. (Singh & Sarkar, 2023) proposes an AI tool for deciding the suitable life cycle design parameters.

• Involving young HCI designers in AI-oriented workshops can show the future of UI/UX ? (Battistoni et al., 2023)

• Different Gets Ignored Luke Wroblewski (2024)

Digital Sustainability, information pertaining to emissions would flow through the economy not unlike the carbon cycle itself.

(Pan & Nishant, 2023) proposes 6 dimensions of AI usage in Digital Sustainability.

Notice: The chart is purely illustrative to highlight the value of AI for sustainability; it’s not based on numeric metrics.

• The En-ROADS climate change solutions simulator allows governments, organizations and individuals explore climate scenarios based on interactive changes in a visualization tool (Climate Interactive, n.d., 2023; Creutzig & Kapmeier, 2020; Czaika & Selin, 2017).
• “Research shows that showing people research doesn’t work,” John Sterman

Data-Driven Design

Learning from the Growth of Digital Platforms and Superapps.

Data-Driven Design Enables Sustainability. Sustainability touches every facet of human existence and is thus an enormous undertaking. Making progress on sustainability is only possible if there’s a large-scale coordinated effort by humans around the planet. For this to happen, appropriate technological tools are required.

Digital platforms are focused on Growth Design, how to attract and retain users. Superapps are the latter stage of the Digital Platform Economy, where previously vertically targeted apps expand horizontally to provide an ever-increasing number of services.

For digital products (apps) the main application of interaction design is for growth in usage, how to get more people (user journey and conversion funnels) to use the product i.e user acquisition, retention, engagement, and monetization and keep using it (retention and engagement), often optimizing on-boarding, features, and personalization (Kende, 2023; Steger, 2019).

• Hypothesis and validation for iterating on features.

• Total addressable market (TAM), serviceable addressable market (SAM), target audience (TA)

Platform economy companies popularized and expanded Data-Driven Design in the service of growth marketing (also known colloquially as growth hacking). Capturing User Data was part of this strategy which enabled improving the products. Digital Product Design is increasingly data-driven. Digital platforms operate a design as a process in a continuous feedback loop, where measurements, experiments, predictive analytics and personalization form a data-drive design culture. As we humans go about our daily business, governments and companies track our activities using various technologies, which produces massive amounts of user interaction data.

Platform economy companies are the capture and use large amounts of data from users. Data is useful for designing better products. Designing for high retention (users keep coming back). Network Effects, the more people use a platform, the more valuable it becomes. Platforms that continuously add features (provided consumer legislation allows it) may eventually evolve into superapps, which are useful for providing services for a wide category of human needs. Bundling many services under one super-brand. Superapps are possible thanks to Nudge, Economies of Scale, Network Effects, Behaviour Design. Large Digital Platforms have a very small number of workers relative to the number of users they serve. This creates the necessity for using automation for both understanding user needs and providing the service itself. Creating a good product that’s useful for the large majority of users depends on Data-Driven Design.

Design is as much about how it works as it’s about the interface.

Digital product design can be seen as a specific discipline under the umbrella of Experience Design. In Michael Abrash (2017) Meta Oculus augmented reality incubation general manager Laura Fryer: “People buy experiences, not technology.”

Young people expect a product. Intelligent Interfaces use interaction design to provide relevant and personalized information in the right context and at the right time.

There are many approaches to design - from playful to practical to critical and to data-driven. Nonetheless, many types of design share a common goal designing for a good user experience. Simplifying.

Personalization: the largest businesses today (measured in number of users) design the whole user experience.

Scale, Popular consumer platforms strive to design solutions that feel personalized at every touchpoint on the user journey (to use the language of service design) at the scale of hundreds of billions of users.

Circular Design

Circular design is only possible if supply chains become circular as well. Oikos Denktank (2021) circular material procurement requires new skills. How to reuse old paint? Small projects can have large social impact. For example, Duriez et al. (2022) shows how simply by reducing material weight it’s possible to design more sustainable transportation.

The complexity of resource and delivery networks necessitates more advanced tools to map supply chains (Knight et al., 2022). The COVID19 pandemic and resulting blockages in resource delivery highlighted the need to have real-time visibility into supply chains (Finkenstadt & Handfield, 2021).

It’s important in which structure data is stored, affecting the ability to efficiently access and manage the data while guaranteeing a high level of data integrity, security, as well as energy usage of said data. Blockchains are a type of shared database where the data is stored in several locations with a focus on making the data secure and very difficult to modify after it’s been written to the database. Once data is written to the blockchain, modifying it would require changing all subsequent records in the chain and agreement of the majority of validators who host a version of the database. Blockchain is the main technology considered for accounting for the various inputs and complex web of interactions between many participants inside the supply chain networks.

There are hundreds of paper researching blockchain use in supply change operations since 2017 (Dutta et al., 2020). Blockchains enable saving immutable records into distributed databases (also known as ledgers). It’s not possible to (or extremely difficult) to change the same record, only new records can be added on top of new ones. Blockchains are useful for data sharing and auditing, as the time and place of data input can be guaranteed, and it will be easier to conduct a search on who inputted incorrect data; however the system still relies on correct data input. As the saying goes, “garbage in, garbage out”.

There are several technologies for tracking goods across the supply chain, from shipping to client delivery. Data entry is a combination of manual data input and automated record-keeping facilitated by sensors and integrated internet of things (IoT) capabilities. For example (Ashraf & Heavey, 2023) describes using the Solana blockchain and Sigfox internet of things (IoT) Integration for supply chain traceability where Sigfox does not need direct access to internet but can send low powered messages across long distances (for example shipping containers on the ocean). (Van Wassenaer et al., 2023) compares use cases for blockchains in enhancing traceability, transparency and cleaning up the supply chain in agricultural products.

• Several startups are using to track source material arriving to the factories and product movements from factories to markets.

• Wagenvoort (2020) Self-driving supply chains.. (contact Japanese factory?)

Blockchain supply chain companies as of summer 2023 include.

Company	Link	Literature	Comments
Ocean Protocol	oceanprotocol.com
Provenance	provenance.io
Ambrosius	ambrosus.io
Modum	modum.io
OriginTrail	origintrail.io
Everledger	everledger.io
VeChain	vechain.org
Wabi	wabi.io
FairFood	fairfood.org
Bext360	bext360.com
SUKU	suku.world	@millerCitizensReserveBuilding2019 SUKU makes supply chains more transparent	Seems to have pivoted away from supply chains

• Embodied Carbon
  • “embodied carbon”
  • Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance
  • Builders for Climate Action (2021)

Circular Design for a Circular Economy

Encouraging Sustainable Design and Reducing Waste.

(K. Liu et al., 2023) reports, e-waste is growing 3%-5% every year, globally. (Thukral & Singh, 2023) identifies several barriers to e-waste management among producers including lack of awareness and infrastructure, attitudinal barriers, existing informal e-waste sector, and the need for an e-waste license.

• McDonough & Braungart (2002) from Cradle to Grave book was released over 2 decades ago, change is slow.

• McGinty (Thu, 08/06/2020 - 11:25): How to Build a Circular Economy

• Dull (2021) book, many current technological hurdles can be overcome by supply chain professionals who are experts in connecting supply streams.

also known as circular economy. Assuming that as individuals we want to act in a sustainable way, how exactly would be go about doing that?

…for Sustainable Products

How can design enable/help/encourage sustainability?

• Use imagination

• Societal movements change things: implication for design: build a community

• Growing public understanding of how nature works and intersects with our use of money.

• Hedberg & Šipka (2021) argues digitization and data sharing is a requirement for building a circular economy.

• “Circular Petrochemicals” Lange (2021)

• Supply chain transparency enables stakeholder accountability (Circularise, 2018; Doorey, 2011; Fox, 2007).

• Recycling Critical Raw Materials, digitization of mining allows enhance the reliability of supply chains (CRM Alliance, 2020).

• EIT RawMaterials

Sustainable Supply Chain

Tracking Transport Supply Chains

Products are made from resources distributed across the planet and transported to clients around the world which currently causes high levels (and increasing) of greenhouse gases. “Transport greenhouse gas emissions have increased every year since 2014” (Climate Change Mitigation, 2023). Freight (transport of goods by trucks, trains, planes, ships) accounts for 1.14 gigatons of CO₂ emissions as per 2015 data or 16% of total international supply chain emissions (Wang et al., 2022).

Share of CO₂ of CO₂ emissions by type of transport globally [@statistaGlobalTransportCO22022].

Type of Transport	Percentage
Passenger cars	39%
Medium and heavy trucks	23%
Shipping	11%
Aviation	9%
Buses and minibuses	7%
Light commercial vehicles	5%
Two/three-wheelers	3%
Rail	3%

• Platzer (2023), a scientist working on the Apollo space program, calls for emergency action to develop green aviation.

• The California Transparency in Supply Chains Act which came into effect in 2012 applies to large retailers and manufacturers focused on pushing companies to to eradicate human trafficking and slavery in their supply chains. Similarly, the German Supply Chain Act (Gesetz über die unternehmerischen Sorgfaltspflichten zur Vermeidung von Menschenrechtsverletzungen in Lieferketten) enacted in 2021 requires companies to monitor violations in their supply chains (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, 2023; Stretton, 2022b).

Tracking Ethics & Cruelty

Data transparency may help reduce cruelty by improving traceability.

• Traceability and animal rights. Animal rights vs animal welfare. Ethereum blockchain and animal rights. “Blockchain can provide a transparent, immutable record of the provenance of products. This can be especially useful for verifying claims made about animal welfare. For example, products claiming to be”free-range,” “organic,” or “sustainably sourced” could have their entire lifecycle recorded on the blockchain, from birth to shelf, allowing consumers to verify these claims.”

• Cruelty free brands

• BCorp

• ESG

• Trash found in ocean / nature etc

• Increase your investment point by matching with your contribution /.

• Point of Sales integration (know the SKU you buy). Integrate to the financial eco footprint (no need to scan the product). What’s the name of the startup that does this?

• Precision Fermentation and Cultivated Meat: Meat products without farm animals

• Doconomyoffers an Åland Index that links financial transactions to carbon impact

Tracking Factories Can Become Transparent

• Regional supply chains for decarbonising steel: “co-locating manufacturing processes with renewable energy resources offers the highest energy efficiency and cost reduction” Japanese-Australia study (Devlin & Yang, 2022).

• Transparency about the polluting factories where the products come from.. the product journey

• virtual factories

• Tracing emissions from factory pipes… what’s the app?

• Factories should be local and make products that can be repaired.

• Carbon-neutral factories “made in carbon-neutral factory” list of products

• Stefan Klebert (2022)

• VDI Zentrum Ressourceneffizienz (2020)

• CO2-neutral Factories (n.d.) and Innocent Opens £200m Carbon-Neutral Factory in Rotterdam - Investment Monitor (n.d.) CO₂ neutral factories?

• (Ecograder, n.d.; Make Your Website Carbon Neutral and Enhance Your Brand CO2 Neutral Website, n.d.) CO₂ neutral websites

• Eric fogg (2020) Lights-Out Manufacturing

• Mowbray (2018) “World’s first free digital map of apparel factories”

• “FFC - Fair Factories ClearingHouse - Compliance Solutions” (n.d.) Factory compliance - Fair Factories

• Planet Factory

• To the Companies We Have Unveiled in the Plastic Waste Makers Index (n.d.) Plastic waste makers index, sources of plastic waste

Superapps Already Integrate Shopping, Savings, and Investing

Could there be Sustainability Superapps?

• How to design sustainability superapps? Lots of options in a single app. (Fleet Management Weekly, 2022) “Sustainability and superapps top Gartner’s Top 10 2023 Trends List”. (Dave Wallace, 2021) “The rise of carbon-centric super apps”. (goodbag, 2023) “goodbag: Sustainable Super App”. What would a sustainable investment platform that matches green investments with the consumers look like, if one saw the side-by-side comparison of investment vehicles on their ESG performance? Also (Bernard, 2022).

• (Cuppini et al., 2022) historical overview of the development of capitalism from linear Fordism through platform economy and logistics’ revolution which allows for circular economies to happen in a city.

• Adaptive AI

Superapps are prevalent in Asia, with China, South-East Asia, Korea, Japan, and India leading the way.(Giudice, 2020) finds WeChat has had a profound impact on changing China into a cashless society, underlining how one mobile app can transform social and financial interactions of an entire country. (Shabrina Nurqamarani et al., 2020) discusses the system consistency and quality of South-East Asian superapps Gojek and Grab.

Superapp	Origin	Markets	Metric	Payments (Wallet)	Savings	Investing	Users	Date	Source
微信 / WeChat (Tencent)	China	China	Monthly Active Users (MAU) combined 微信 (China) & WeChat (International)	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	1,4 billion	2024	@tecentTecentHoldings20242024
支付寶 Alipay (Ant Group)	China	China	Annual Active Users (AAU)	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	1.3 billion	2020	@geUpdateAlibabasAnt2020
美團 Meituan	China	China	Annual Transacting Users (ATU)	YES ✅	NO ❌	NO ❌	700 million	2024	@jingMeituan0369020242025
PhonePe	India	India	Registered Users (Lifetime)	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	500 million	2023	@phonepePhonePeCrosses500202
LINE	Japan	Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand	Monthly Active Users (MAU)	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	200 million	2023	@lycorporationLYCorporationTakes2023
Tata Neu	India	India	Members	YES ✅	YES ✅	NO ❌	27 million	2023	@shindeTataNeu202023
Nubank	Brazil	Brazil, Mexico	Customers	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	114 million	2024	@polloNuHoldingsLtd2025
Zalo	Vietnam	Vietnam	Monthly Active Users (MAU)	YES ✅	NO ❌	NO ❌	75 million	2023	@nguyenVietnamsFirstUnicorn2023
Paytm	India	India	Monthly Transacting Users (MTU)	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	100 million	2023	@vermaPaytmQ3FY242024
M-Pesa	Kenya	Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Afghanistan, Lesotho, DRC, Ghana, Mozambique, Egypt, Ethiopia	Active Customers	YES ✅	YES ✅	NO ❌	34 million	2024	@safaricomSafaricomsMPESAHits2024
Mercado Pago	Argentina	Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Chile	Monthly Active Users (MAU)	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	61 million	2023	@mercadolibre2024ImpactReport2024
PicPay	Brazil	Brazil	Active Customers	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	35 million	2023	@oostBrazilianFinTechPicPay2024
Cash App (Block)	USA	USA	Monthly Active Users (MAU)	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	56 million	2023	@kazaninsWhyCashApp2024
KakaoTalk	Korea	Korea	Monthly Active Users (MAU)	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	48 million	2024	@leeKakao2024Revenue2025
GoTo (Gojek/Tokopedia)	Indonesia	Indonesia	Annual Transacting Users (ATU)	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	51 million	2023	@gotoTransformationProgres2023
Revolut	UK	UK / EU	Customers	YES ✅	YES ✅	YES ✅	50 million	2024	@revolutRevolutHits502024
Careem	UAE (Aqcuired by US-based Uber and Etisalat but still keeps a separate brand)	United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Morocco Bahrain, Pakistan, Egypt, Morocco	Customers	YES ✅	NO ❌	NO ❌	70 million	2024	@careemCareems2024Wrapup2025
Grab	Singapore / Malaysia	SEA	Monthly Transacting Users (MTU)	YES ✅	YES ✅	NO ❌	41 million	2024	@grabholdingslimitedGrabReportsFourth2025
Rappi	Colombia	Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico	Users	YES ✅	YES ✅	NO ❌	30 million	2023	@phocuswrightSuperConnectedRappi2023; @brownColombiasFirstUnicorn2025; @layaSoftBankBackedAppRappi2024

Global overview of superapps (or near-superapps) compiled from official company reports (IR, Press Releases), news reports, and company websites; various metric types (MAU, MTU, Annual Users, Customers, Registered Users) vary by company reporting and are reduced into a single “users” metric for simplicity. Each figure is sourced from official company reports, press releases, or investor disclosures. If no recent official update was available (as in the case of Alipay’s 2020 figure), the latest known official figure is provided. All values and dates reflect the latest data as

Not-Quite-Superapp	Origin	Markets	Metric	Payments (Wallet)	Savings	Investing	Users	Date	Source
Uber	USA	Global	Users per month	NO ❌ (Only for ride-hailing)	NO ❌	NO ❌	171 million	2025	@uberUberAnnouncesResults2025
Bolt	Estonia	Global	Lifetime users	NO ❌ (Only for ride-hailing)	NO ❌	NO ❌	200 million	2025	@garciaBoltAcquiresDanish2025

In the UK, Uber launched and option to book flights, moving to a door-to-door travel solution where the same app brings you from home to the airport, the flight, and your final destination Uber UK (2023)

Superapps are honeypots of data that is used for many types of behavior modeling. Guido Becher from Rappi defines their super-app as “customer-centric high frequency multi-vertical ecosystem” this enables cross-promotion, for example a hotel in Argentina targeted people people who buy almond milk on Rappi with their offer of a yoga retreat (Phocuswright, 2023; G. Suarez et al., 2021) suggests using alternative data from super-apps to estimate user income levels, including 4 types of data: Personal Information, Consumption Patterns, Payment Information, and Financial Services. (Roa et al., 2021) finds super-app alternative data is especially useful for credit-scoring young, low-wealth individuals. The massive amounts of data generated by these companies are used by smart cities to re-design their physical environments, such as the collaboration between Bolt and the city of Seville in Spain (Bolt, 2025).

Kakao Pay was found guilty of mishandling 40 million users’ data by handing it over to Alipay without user consent; Alipay owns a 32 percent stake in Kakao Pay (K. Lee, 2024).

59 million people use Zhixiaobao, an Al financial assistant inside the Ant Fortune and Ant Insurance mini-apps inside Alipay (Finextra, 2024).

Alipay has build the digital infrastructure to provide thousands of services to billions of users

Superapps offer a platform with key infrastructure such as payments, where miniapps thrive Perri (2022); Heath (2021)

Aspiring Superapps

There are many companies which aspire to build superapps but are hindered by various challenges.

Telegram integrates web3 apps into the chat and supports investing into cryptocurrencies without ever understanding the complex technology of wallets. Pylarinou (2024)

LINE is integrating web3 technologies based on the Kaia blockchain to provide decentralized mini-apps (dapps) for the LINE chat userbase and integrates with the LINE Pay wallet for financial interactions Hintzy (2025)

(Vecchi & Brennan, 2022) discusses the strategies Chinese apps are taking to expand to other markets.

• Inspiration from WeChat. X (previously known as Twitter) is becoming a financial app. X (formerly Twitter) is becoming a superapp?

• Uber is creating an all-purpose platform; only 4.1% of rides were electric (Levy, 2023).

How can the mobile devices which the majority of us are carrying with us every day, help us make decisions about the businesses we engage with? In terms of user experience, can personalized AI advisors empower our financial actions from shopping to saving and investing?

Platform Economy Enablers	Pros	Cons
Network effects	The more people use a platform, the more valuable it becomes both for the company and the user.	Data is not portable or difficult to migrate. You can’t leave because you’ll lose the audience. There’s a lock-in effect.
Scalability
Data-driven Design
Behaviour Design

• Platform Economy marketplace companies like Airbnb, Uber among many others match optimize how our cities work.

• Platform economy companies have been criticized for their lack of workers rights (ESG). (“Riders in the Smog,” 2024) uses portable air pollution tracking devices to documents how gig workers are subjected to pollution.

Personalization

• Personalization, Personal User Experience. social apps require personalization, trust and k-factors (sharing and inviting your friends). (Baron, 2023; B. Kim, 2023).

Data-driven design has limitations.

Coputer

One mode

• Konings (2020)
• “Digital sustainability principles”
• Eminent journal Design Studies, 1st design journal
• Part of digital product design are design systems to keep consistency across the experience. Create a design system to best to showcase my analytic skills:
  • Design System: https://zeroheight.com/8bf57183c/p/82fe98-introduction
  • A Comprehensive Guide to Design Systems Inside Design Blog (n.d.)
  • M. Suarez et al. (n.d.)
  • “Method Podcast, Episode 18” (n.d.)
  • Atomic Design by Brad Frost (n.d.)
• Kolko & Connors (2010) and IxDF (n.d.) believe interaction design is still an emerging (and changing) field and there are many definitions. I prefer the simplest version: interaction design is about creating a conversation between the product and the user.
• AI gives designers new tools. In AI development, design is called alignment. What is the role of an AI Designer? Linden (2021)
• People + AI Guidebook (n.d.)
• “Language Model Sketchbook, or Why I Hate Chatbots” (n.d.)
• Parundekar (2021)
• Richard Yang (2021) and Justin Baker (2018) say some of the tools used by interaction designers include
• AI for design: Figma (2023)

The concept of Social Objects: People need something to gather around and discuss. Sharing.Lab (2015): I’m interested in the concept of a “social object”.

Red Route Analysis is an user experience optimization idea inspired by the public transport system of London (“Interaction Design – How to Evaluate Interaction Costs and Improve User Experience,” 2021; Oviyam™, 2019; Xuan, 2022).

• Product marketers focus on the stickiness of the product, meaning low attrition, meaning people keep coming back.
• What percent of all design is “sustainable design” ? Promoting sustainable design.
• Josh Luber (2021) Trading cards are cool again
• Jesse Einhorn (2020)
• Connie Loizos (2021)
• Natasha Mascarenhas (2021)
• JEFF JOHN ROBERTS (April 23, 2020 at 2:00 PM GMT+3)

Narrative Design, humans respond well to storytelling, making character design and narrative design relevant to interaction design. Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are able to assume the personality of any character that exists inside of its training data, creating opportunities for automated narrative design. (Alethea AI, 2021) discusses writing AI Characters, creating a personality, Stories start with a character..

• Writing as training data? large language models. GTP3.

Open Data Enables Eco-Interoperability

Data is the interface between idle resources and retail demand, which makes exchange of value possible. Yet often data is expensive, hard-to-get, and inaccessible.

Open data is needed for civic engagement. Sharing vs privacy is a political question. Privacy and data-sharing are not in opposition. Sustainability needs to be balanced with privacy. (Sanchez et al., 2022) suggests tracking users using their smartphones and attributing points for actions deemed beneficial - yet this has potential privacy issues.

Open Data Enables Collaboration. Taiwan is a proponent of Open Gov OP-MSF OGP (Lab, 2021; Open Government Partnership, 2021).

open data can Enhance interoperability What Is Open Data? (n.d.)

Open Knowledge International’s Global Open Data Index (GODI) ranked Taiwan as number 1 in its global index in 2017; the project has since been discontinued, so the ranking may be out of date in 2024 (Open Knowledge Foundation, 2017).

Other indexes do not include Taiwan in the TOP 10.

Data-driven design requires access to data. making the movement towards open data sharing very important. Some countries and cities are better than others at sharing data openly.

Examples of cities and countries that share data openly.

Country	Project	Reference
Sweden	Swedish open data portal	@SverigesDataportal
Malaysia	Malaysian open data portal	data.gov.my
Estonia

For example the Open Data Portal of Malaysia shows a steady decline in Permanent Reserved Forests (PRF) for anyone interested, without having to submit any letter of request or communicate with officials; the data is just directly accessible and includes a permissive license (Malaysia, 2024).

Context Design Enables Behavioral Nudges Towards Green Defaults

For several decades, marketing researchers have been looking into how to affect human behavior towards increasing purchase decisions in commerce, both offline and online, which is why the literature on behavioral design is massive. One of the key concepts is nudge, first coined in 2008 by the Nobel-winning economist Richard Thaler; nudges are based on a scientific understanding of human psychology and shortcuts and triggers that human brains use and leverages that knowledge to influence humans in small but powerful ways (Thaler & Sunstein, 2009).

The principles of nudge have also been applied to sustainability. For example, a small study (n=33) in the Future Consumer Lab in Copenhagen by (Perez-Cueto, 2021) found that designing a “dish-of-the-day” which was prominently displayed helped to increase vegetarian food choice by 85%. Experiments by (Guath et al., 2022) focused on environmentally friendly online purchases in Sweden (n=200) suggest nudging can be effective in influencing online shopping behavior towards more sustainable options. A study of behavior change in Australia at large university setting (N = 156) by (Novoradovskaya et al., 2021) found nudging behavioral change had a significant effect and the author suggested it may help to avoid some of the “16 billion paper coffee cups are being thrown away every year” globally (based on the abstract - I was unable to access the full paper).

Google uses nudges in Google Flights and Google Maps, which allow filtering flights and driving routes by the amount of CO₂ emissions, as well as surfacing hotels with Green Key and EarthCheck credentials, while promising new sustainability features across its portfolio of products (Sundar Pichai, 2021). Such tools are small user interface nudges which Google’s research calls digital decarbonization, defined by (Implement Consulting Group, 2022) as “Maximising the enabling role of digital technologies by accelerating already available digital solutions”.

In (Kate Brandt & Matt Brittin, 2022), Google’s Chief Sustainability Officer Kate Brandt set a target of “at least 20-25%” CO₂ emission reductions in Europe to reach a net-zero economy and the global announcement set a target of helping 1 billion people make more sustainable choices around the world (Jeni Miles, 2022). In addition to end–users, Google offers digital decarbonization software for developers, including the Google Cloud Carbon Footprint tool and invests in regenerative agriculture projects (Google, 2023; Inside Google’s Regenerative Agriculture Play Greenbiz, 2021).

Google VERY IMPORTANT Google (2021).

Google has launched eco–focused features across its range of products, most famously Google green routes for driving, which collaborate with local city governments to have data from the semaphores, which allows the map to suggest routes which would reduce stopping “Google mostrará por defecto la ruta más ’verde’ en su GPS y ordenará los vuelos según su impacto ambiental” (2021); Worthington (2025)

While Google has launched several climate-focused initiatives, it missed its CO2 reduction targets due to growing need for AI models Worthington (2025)

Justine Calma (Oct 6, 2021, 10:01 AM GMT+3) Google UX eco features.

Sarah Perez (2022) shows how google added features to Flights and Maps to filter more sustainable options. How CO2 is shown by Google starts hiding emissions? “Google ’Airbrushes’ Out Emissions from Flying, BBC Reveals” (2022)

Examples of CO₂ visibility in Google’s products.

Feature	Product	Nudge
Google Maps AI suggests more eco-friendly driving routes @mohitmoondraNavigateMoreSustainably	Google Maps	Show routes with lower CO2 emissions; reduce stopping by using data from traffic lights.
Google Flights suggests flights with lower CO2 emissions	Google Flights	Show flights with lower CO2 emissions
Wizzair Check carbon impact @OffsetYourFlight	WizzAir	Offset on Checkout

Google's view of flight emissions. Photo Credit: Copyright by Google 2023 referenced under fair use.

w

Some notable examples:

• Eriksson et al. (2023) discusses best practices for reducing food waste in Sweden.
• Acuti et al. (2023) makes the point that physical proximity to a drop-off point helps people participate in sustainability.
• Wee et al. (2021) proposes types of nudging technique based on an overview of 37 papers in the field.

Types of nudge by @WEE2021100364

Name	Technique
Prompting	Create cues and reminders to perform a certain behavior
Sizing	Decrease or increase the size of items or portions
Proximity	Change the physical (or temporal) distance of options
Presentation	Change the way items are displayed
Priming	Expose users to certain stimuli before decision-making
Labelling	Provide labels to influence choice (for example CO2 footprint labels)
Functional Design	Design the environment and choice architecture so the desired behavior is more convenient

Alibaba’s Ant Forest (螞蟻森林) has shown the potential gamified nature protection, simultaneously raising money for planting forests and building loyalty and brand recognition for their sustainable action, leading the company to consider further avenues for gamification and eco-friendliness.

Table of Ant Forest assisted tree planting; data compiled from [@ZhuZiXun2017; @yangSwitchingGreenLifestyles2018; @unfcccAlipayAntForest2019; @wangFuelingProEnvironmentalBehaviors2020; @600MillionPeople2021; @zhangPromoteProenvironmentalBehaviour2022; @wangMotivationsInfluencingAlipay2022; @zhouUnpackingEffectGamified2023; @caoImpactArtificialIntelligence2023; @MaYiJiTuanESGBaoGao; @MaYiJiTuanGongBuZhongShu8Nian].

Year	Users	Trees	Area
2016	N/A	N/A	N/A
2017	230 million	10 million	N/A
2018	350 million	55 million	6500 acres??
2019	500 million	100 million	112,000 hectares / 66, 000 hectares?
2020	550 million	200 million	2,7 million acres?
2021	600 million	326 million	N/A
2022	650 million	400 million	2 million hectares
2023	690 million	475 million	N/A
2024	N/A	548 million	3.87 million hectares
2025	N/A	N/A	N/A

New User Interfaces

• AR / VR

• AI Chatbots

• Generative UIs

The small screen estate space of mobiles phones and smart watches necessitates displaying content in a dynamic manner. Virtual reality glasses (called AR/VR or XR in marketing speak) need dynamic content because the user is able to move around the environment. These are questions that interaction design is called upon to solve. Hoang (2022): “Dynamic interfaces might invoke a new design language for extended reality”. it’s a balancing at: while AI enables generative UIs while users need some type of stability (think: text input stays in the same place but different types of interfaces appear within a clearly defined space.

Speaking is one mode of interaction that’s become increasingly possible as machines learn to interpret human language.

Modes of interaction

Mode of Interaction
Writing
Speaking
Touching
Moving
Seeing

Community

Building a community is a way to design a context, where the culture creates certain expectations of behavior.

Humans working together are able to achieve more than single individuals. “Any community on the internet should be able to come together, with capital, and work towards any shared vision. That starts with empowering creators and artists to create and own the culture they’re creating. In the long term this moves to internet communities taking on societal endeavors.”

• Building a culture of sustainability? (Armstrong & Staff, 2021; Lakshmi Rebecca, 2018).

The focus on group consciousness suggests community-based sustainability action may be effective.

Zero Waste Lifestyle is the opposite of overconsumption. Zero waste suggests people buy in bulk to save. Buying in bulk for more savings and to reduce packaging. Through group purchases and community investing while also reducing consumption. - Zero waste municipality in Treviso

Minimalism is a movement of people living a simple life. This is always going to be a small percentage of people. (Costa, 2018): Finnish socialists: minimalism. Tokyo (Tokyo Simple Eco Life, 2021). - consumers choose to engage in becoming minimalist in a non-linear process with overlapping stages (Oliveira De Mendonça et al., 2021).

What are the building blocks of a thriving community?

Experience instead of read..

Rooney-Varga et al. (2019) shows the effectiveness of The Climate Action Simulation in educating users about success scenarios.

World Cleanup Day has attracted 10s of millions of people to do beach and forest cleanups.

Learning from Quantified Self: Tracking Health and Lifestyle

An early example of how tracking personal data enables behavior change, are health and lifestyle tracking apps. Research on personal data tracking also known as quantified self or self-monitoring is abundant. There’s substantial academic evidence indicating that health tracking apps can have a measurable impact on user health behaviors and increase positive health outcomes. Wearable devices including the Apple Watch, Oura Ring, Fitbit and others, combined with apps, help users track a variety of health metrics. Apart from health, wearable devices have been used to track other metrics such as physiological parameters of students at school to determine their learning efficiency (Giannakos et al., 2020). Not only can health metrics be tracking, but exposure to pollution as well as personal carbon footprint, are all to some extent track-able (if not traceable).

Recently, npj Biosensing published a device from the MIT Media Lab that can track cells inside the human body from a wrist-worn device (jarvisWearableDeviceTracks2025?; jangWearableDeviceContinuous2025?)

Health and Fitness Tracking

Tracking one’s health and fitness is a familiar mode of quantified self, available to many smartwatch users - and even pretty much to anyone who has a phone made in the past decade. Apple is a leader in health tracking, releasing Apple Health in 2008 as an iOS 8 software feature and the Apple Watch in 2015, filled with health-focused sensors and features (Apple, 2022b). In 2022 Apple outlined plans for “empowering people to live a healthier day,” promising a new set of health-features with every release, such as the rumored temperature measurement inside of Apple Aipord earphones; and providing most of this data to developers through Apple’s HealthKit health metrics APIs, which app builders can tap into (Apple, 2022a, 2022c).

Sleep quality is an important aspect of health and many devices and apps focus on helping people get enough high quality sleep. There’s plenty of academic literature on how physical activity, as well as environmental aspects, such as air quality, affect sleep (X. Liu et al., 2019) tracks how wearable data is used for tracking sleep improvements from exercise. (Grigsby-Toussaint et al., 2017) made use of sleep apps to construct humans behaviors also known as behavioral constructs.

The Oura ring is an example of calm technology, providing helpful data without calling an attention to itself (Phelan, 2024).

EEG (electroencephalogram), ECG (Electrocardiogram), EDA (Electrodermal Activity): tracking features of brain, heart and nervous system activity. Brain Music Lab founder and brain researcher Grace Leslie: “brain music sounds like a warm bathtub”. Tracking blood sugar with app and patches. Blood sugar trackers. Blood glucose tracking is popular even for people without diabetes, to optimize their activity (“Is Blood Sugar Monitoring Without Diabetes Worthwhile?” 2021). Tracking urine consistency inside your toilet with WithThings. Companies like NeuralLink are building devices to build meaningful interactions from brain waves (EEG).

Use technology Wearables to be more aware of one’s health. Example of quantified self device. an example of Personalized Design: Self-Monitoring feels personal.

There’s value in developing standardized fitness metrics, which different digital health providers can use to create dashboards with comparable data. Even with messy data, AI has a useful role as a translator between different standards.

Could one track personal sustainability in a similar fashion? (Shin et al., 2019)’s synthesis review of 463 studies shows wearable devices have potential to influence behavior change towards healthier lifestyles. Saubade et al. (2016) finds health tracking is useful for motivating physical activity. The urban environment has an influence on health.

While so of the behavior changes may sound simple - like switching from driving to walking - and would have a large environmental effect, they are hindered by factors from personal motivation to (lack of) suitable urban architecture. (Delclòs-Alió et al., 2022) discusses walking in Latin-American cities. Walking is the most sustainable method or transport but requires the availability of city infrastructure, such as sidewalks, which many cities still lack.

While the scale of climate change is too big for individual action to make a difference, individual action can foster hope and a sense of collective responsibility (Nature, 2020).

• Kristian Steensen Nielsen (2022) Individual climate action!!!

• The UN has been handing out Global Climate Action Awards since 2011 for idea such as the Climate Credit Card in Switzerland, which automatically tracks emissions of purchases, creates emissions’ reports for the user which can then be offset with investments in climate projects around the world (UNFCCC, 2023).

• Give Gen-Z the tools to turn climate anger into positive change to transform companies

• Echeverría et al. (2022) suggests greener modes of mobility.

• Shop sustainability in Estonia (Estwatch - Estwatchi värskest Uuringust Selgub, Et Eesti Toidupoed... Facebook, n.d.; Lilleväli, 2022). Tarbimise jalajälg poes (Helen Saarmets, 2021). Offsets at the point of sale (Grenpay - Heasta Oma CO$_2$ Jalajälg, n.d.).

• Green Finance Platform (2020) report predicts the rise of personalizing sustainable finance, because of its potential to grow customer loyalty, through improving the user experience. Similarly to good design, interacting with sustainable finance for the ‘green-minded’ demographics, providing a reliable green product is a way to build customer loyalty.

Another aspect is tracking one’s mental health. (Tyler et al., 2022) surveys the use of self-reflection apps in the UK (n=998).

• Popular Strava (100+ million users) sports assistant provides run tracking and feedback (Strava, 2022).

Popular Strava sports assistant provides run tracking and feedback.

• Ryan (2022) uses the “capability methodology” to evaluate if apps help people eat healthily.

• Baptista et al. (2022) apps for sleep apnea

Human behavior is affected by the environment; example in case, the incidence of bad behavior during the pandemic increased significantly.

Pollution Exposure Tracking

Pollution exposure tracking may be considered a combination of health tracking and sustainability tracking.

My personal air pollution exposure tracked using the Atmotube device attached to my backpack. Tracking air pollution and realizing how bad the over in my grandma’s house is: add picture. Quantified Self is an example of Digital Health. There is a parallel in health to sustainability and indeed both are inextricably linked. Open Source code for calculating air pollution exposure AQI (Atmotech, 2024).

• add picture of the device

• add picture of air pollution in China

Carbon Tracking

The founder of the Commons (formerly known as Joro) consumer CO_2e tracking app recounts how people have a gut feeling about the 2000 calories one needs to eat daily, so perhaps daily CO_2e tracking could develop a gut feeling about one’s carbon footprint (Jason Jacobs, 2019).

Tracking sustainability may have collective benefits but tracking health has immediate personal benefits. Health apps feel tangible with increased well-being while sustainability apps often feel more collective, long-term and sometimes with benefits too small to matter, making it harder to motivate individual users.

However, sustainability tracking, while perhaps less than health tracking, can have a measurable impact. One study of personal carbon footprint tracking apps (aka CO2 calculators) in a mid-sized German city (N=216) helped overall emission reduction by 23% correlating with feedback from the app specifically reducing emissions from heating 26.9%, food 16.4%, household 34.7% reduction, and mobility 12%(Hoffmann et al., 2024).

We have a limited carbon budget so calculating CO2e-cost become integrated into every activity.

• CO2e calculations will be part of our everyday experience

• Zhang’s Personal Carbon Economy conceptualized the idea of carbon as a currency used for buying and selling goods and services, as well as an individual carbon exchange to trade one’s carbon permits (Zhang, 2018).

Personal Carbon Trackers

Personal carbon footprint calculators have been released online, ranging from those made by governments and companies to student projects. Similar to personal health trackers, personal CO₂ trackers help one track emissions and suggests sustainable actions.

A selection of personal sustainability apps. See greenfilter.app for an updated database.

App	Description
Commons (Formerly Joro)	Finacial Sustainability Tracking + Sustainable Actions
Klima	Offset Subscription
Wren	Offset Subscription
JouleBug	CO2 tracking
eevie
Aerial
EcoCRED
Carbn
LiveGreen
Earth Hero

Digital Product Passports: Toward Sustainability Superapps

Sustaining user engagement over time in sustainability tracking apps is challenging, because the perceived personal benefit and measurable impact is so minimal - it may feel meaningless.​

Towards Tracking Sustainability

Even though this topic belongs under Circular Economy, I’ve chose to highlight digital product passports here as it’s the main design implication from this chapter - an emerging technology which needs to be designed for the user.

To contextualize the discussion, a brief historical overview of previous efforts in this area may be helpful. CO_2e labeling initiatives represent an early attempt to communicate the environmental cost of each product. Using carbon labels to convey CO_2e emission of consumer products has been a topic of discussion for decades (Adam Corner, 2012). Academic literature has looked at minute details such as color and positioning of the label (Zhou et al., 2019). There’s some indication consumers are willing to pay a small premium for low-CO_2e products; all else being equal, consumers choose the option with a lower CO_2e number (Carlsson et al., 2022; Xu & Lin, 2022). (Cohen & Vandenbergh, 2012) argues labeling the carbon footprint of products does help inform consumer choice towards sustainability and help promote a green economy. A large-scale study of UK university students finds some evidence to suggest labeling low CO_2e food enables people to choose a climatarian diet, however the impact of carbon labels on the market share of low-carbon meals is negligible (Lohmann et al., 2022).

Labels alone are not enough - they are insufficient to drive significant behavioral change. A study in Sweden underlines a negative correlation between worrying about climate impact and interest in climate information on products (Edenbrandt & Lagerkvist, 2022). This latter finding may be interpreted to suggest a need for wider environmental education programs among consumers. (Asioli et al., 2022) found differences between countries, where Spanish and British consumers chose meat products with ‘No antibiotics ever’ over a Carbon Trust label, whereas French consumers chose CO₂ labeled meat products.

Despite ongoing interest, several studies have shown that the overall impact of carbon labeling on consumer behavior remains negligible. The idea of Carbon Labelling is yet to find mainstream adoption.

Participation in carbon labeling schemes remains voluntary, with only a limited number of companies implementing such practices, although their numbers are gradually increasing. Notable examples include the U.S.-based restaurant chain Just Salad , U.K.-based vegan meat-alternative Quorn, and plant milk Oatly, all of which provide carbon labeling on their products (Brian Kateman, 2020). (ClimatePartner, 2020): Companies like ClimatePartner and Carbon Calories offers labeling consumer goods with emission data as a service. (The Carbon Trust, n.d.): The Carbon Trust reports it’s certified 27 thousand product footprints.

Companies with Carbon Labels [@briankatemanCarbonLabelsAre2020]

Company	Country
Just Salad	U.S.A.
Quorn	U.K.
Oatly	U.K.
IKEA	Sweden

Organization to Certify Carbon Labels [@climatepartnerLabellingCarbonFootprint2020].

Organization	Country	Number of Product Certified
ClimatePartner
Carbon Calories
Carbon Trust		27000

• Digitalisation and digital transformation; Digital Receipts are one data source for tracking one’s carbon footprint (Digital Receipts and Customer Loyalty in One Platform ReceiptHero, n.d.).

• Ivanova et al. (2020) “establish consumption options with a high mitigation potential measured in tonnes of CO₂ equivalent per capita per year.”

• 55% of emissions come from energy production.

• 1.7 trillion tons of CO2e emissions since the 1760s (start of the industrial revolution) (Global Carbon Budget, 2023; Marvel, 2023).

• Carto (2023) Making advanced maps to convince people to make changes

• similar to Nutritional Facts Labeling

Transitioning from simpler Carbon Labels to data-driven Digital Product Passports requires comprehensive data collection, digital infrastructure, industry collaboration, regulatory frameworks and consumer engagement.

• Circularise introduced an early blockchain-based sustainability system in 2016 aiming to improve transparency across several industries and is currently the market leader in providing Digital Product Passports (Stretton, 2022a) “Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (part of the Sustainable Products Initiative) and one of the key actions under the Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP). The goal of this initiative is to lay the groundwork for a gradual introduction of a digital product passport in at least three key markets by 2024” “Connecting the Value Chain, One Product at a Time”. “Circularise aims to overcome the communication barrier that is limiting the transition to a circular economy with an open, distributed and secure communications protocol based on blockchain technology.”
• product’s history, composition, and environmental impact.

Digital Product Passport goals @strettonDigitalProductPassports2022

Goal	Description
Sustainable Product Production
Businesses to create value through Circular Business Models
Consumers to make more informed purchasing decisions
Verify compliance with legal obligations

Digital product passports are a further development of the idea of carbon labels.

• The European Commision has proposed a Digital Product Passports to help companies transfer environmental data (Nissinen et al., 2022). Carbon labels are needed for green transformation.

• Reich et al. (2023) “Information gaps are identified as one of the major obstacles to realizing a circular economy.”

• Jensen et al. (2023) “support decision-making throughout product life cycles in favor of a circular economy.”

• King et al. (2023) “influence consumer behavior towards sustainable purchasing and responsible product ownership by making apparent sustainability aspects of a product life cycle.”

• Berger, Rusch, et al. (2023) “support Sustainable Product Management by gathering and containing product life cycle data. However, some life cycle data are considered sensitive by stakeholders, leading to a reluctance to share such data.”

• Plociennik et al. (2022) “Digital Lifecycle Passport (DLCP) hosted on a cloud platform and can be accessed by producers, users, recyclers”

• Berger, Baumgartner, Weinzerl, Bachler, & Schöggl (2023) challenges with Electric Vehicle Batterys. Berger, Baumgartner, Weinzerl, Bachler, Preston, et al. (2023) proposes Digital Battery Passports

• Van Capelleveen et al. (2023) literature overview

• Sustainable Product Management: Korzhova (2020)

• What data does a digital product passport hold? Tian Daphne & Chris Stretton (2023)

• Gitcoin Passport — Sybil Defense. Made Simple. [@gitcoinpassport] (2023) discusses ow to build an antifragile scoring system (antifragile passport) inspired by Nassim Taleb’s popular book that discusses antifragile systems that get better in difficult situations (Taleb, 2012).

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台灣設計研究院（TDRI ） on Instagram: "▌北歐循環設計論壇 開放報名中 - 近幾年，全球的極端氣候造成各地災害頻傳，人們更加意識到要珍惜地球資源，丹麥從10幾年前就開始推行低碳生活，哥本哈根海洋上成排的風力發電機供應丹麥20%以上的能源，哥本哈根的學校建造出全世界最大的太陽能板，甚至丹麥的設計團隊進行設計皆從永續環境為本心出發，在丹麥，每一個生活環節都是循環設計！ - 但丹麥談的循環永續不只是不具經濟效益的理念，循環經濟對丹麥來說不僅具有環境層面的效益，還可提升企業的競爭力，對資源生產力、就業機會、資源供應安全和自然資源的可持續利用都有極正向的回饋。 - 本次國際論壇，我們邀請來自丹麥的設計師Ditte Lysgaard Vind從循環經濟策略、Rosa Nøss Bendixen從產品設計、Helene Jensen從時尚產業、更有台灣的團隊奇想創造、光寶科技、REnato Lab從不同產業類別，以跨領域的思維，分享他們循環再造的創意點子! - ▍北歐循環設計論壇 Nordic Circular Design Forum 活動日期｜11 / 12（五）16:00 ~ 18:20 講座方式｜線上直播與線下參與 講座費用｜免費 報名｜請至個人檔案點選🔗 #TDRI #台灣設計研究院 #設研院 #設計 #design". (2021). In Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CWC6KG7sXBJ/.

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